The Role of Supersymmetry Breaking in Elementary Particle Physics: A Review of Models and Analytical Methods

Abstract

between bosons and fermions that is important for solving problems such as the hierarchy problem, unification of forces, and explaining dark matter. The non-observation of supersymmetric particles in experiments has made it necessary to investigate supersymmetry breaking mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic analysis of supersymmetry breaking mechanisms in elementary particle physics and their related analytical methods. In this study, an extensive search was conducted in international databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct) and domestic databases (SID, Noormags, Magiran, and Elmnet). From 600 identified articles, after applying inclusion criteria (focus on supersymmetry breaking mechanisms, analytical methods, publication between 2021-2025) and exclusion criteria (insufficient focus on the subject, lack of specific analytical methods, unreliable results), 10 articles were selected for final review. The results showed that dynamical supersymmetry breaking through the instanton effect acts as an underlying mechanism for opening energy gaps in topological semimetallic phases. Supersymmetry breaking in the hidden brane and its transmission to the visible brane leads to an inflaton potential with gravitationally induced terms that are important for inflationary cosmology. Additionally, the consequences of supersymmetry breaking have been analyzed in the form of superconductivity, dual superconductivity, and color superconductivity, and the relationship between massless Majorana modes and Goldstino fermions associated with broken supersymmetry has been revealed.